PRODUCED ON THE ISLAND SINCE ANCIENT TIMES
A MOST SIGNIFICANT PRODUCT
Citrus fruit cultivation as a whole has historically been a lucrative agricultural sector, helping to stabilise the economy and enhance food security over the ages and critically throughout the winter on the island. As a result, Citrus based products remain as one of the island’s most significant agricultural products and the favourable climate, characterised by warm summers and mild winters, combined with the exceptionally fertile soil, has made Cyprus an ideal location for their cultivation. Cyprus today offers a full range of citrus fruits, and these include a good variety of oranges, mandarins, clementines, lemons, limes and grapefruits. As predominantly winter fruits, they are mostly available throughout the island from early October all the way through to late June, but this is dependant not only of the fruit but its variety.
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
The history of citrus cultivation in Cyprus dates back centuries with several varieties of the fruit gaining prominance in Roman times. Indeed, the earliest mentions of citrus cultivation are referred to in texts from the Roman period, but they were likely introduced to the island much earlier than this. Citrus fruits were likely introduced to the island through the multiple trade routes that have always existed and both lemon and orange trees, along with some varieties of mandarins and clementines, were brought in ancient times to the island from as far as Asia, leading to their gradual integration into local agricultural landscape at the time.
A BURGEONING CITRUS TRADE
During the medieval period, citrus fruits began to gain prominence on the island and evidence suggests that nobility in Cyprus at the time, cultivated extensive citrus orchards. Much of their produce was exported creating a burgeoning citrus trade, and the continued cultivation and improvement of various citrus varieties became a point of pride and an essential part of the island’s economy. The trade and export of citrus fruits further expanded under the stewardship of the Republic of Venice, who were essentially a trading empire. New destinations for the fruit, mainly in Northern Europe were identified and the Venetians had the means and know how to supply these new markets.
ENHANCED EXPORT POTENTIAL
Cyprus continued to hold up its reputation for high-quality citrus fruits, particularly its oranges and lemons, during the British colonial period. The British administrators on their part played a crucial role in modernising the agricultural sector on the island, and the establishment of significant infrastructure projects, such as new roads, railroads and ports enhanced the export potential of the island’s citrus products. Cyprus went on to develop the basics of its fruit further and after extensive agricultural collaboration, introduced several hybrid versions of its citrus fruits. This created new markets and gave Cypriot citrus fruit a new unique identity. In addition to this the new hybrid versions of the fruit are much more resiliant and a great deal more sweeter.
TODAY’S CITRUS FRUIT CULTIVATION
Today, the cultivation of citrus fruits in Cyprus is no different and is characterised by both traditional and modern agricultural practices. The island’s producers typically invest in high-quality planting materials but apply traditional environmental techniques of integrated pest control, as well as effective modern irrigation techniques to ensure healthy crops. Land preparation begins with soil testing and amendments are made to achieve optimal conditions for growth. Depending on the variety, trees are re-planted in early spring or late autumn and watering, pruning, and fertilisation continue throughout the year. The variety of citrus fruits on the island has also increased and the island’s citrus fruits have managed to retain some of the unique characteristics added to the fruit’s unique flavour and appearance.
THE CITRUS FRUIT HARVEST
Citrus fruits significantly contribute to the Cypriot economy through both local consumption and international exports, and the citrus industry provides employment opportunities for several people, particularly in rural areas where orchards are concentrated. The harvesting season varies by fruit type but most citrus fruits are harvested from late winter to early spring. The fruits are still picked by hand, to avoid damage and maintain quality control, and many growers adhere to sustainable practices to minimise their environmental impact. The island’s Mediterranean climate allows for minimal pest and disease pressure, although growers remain vigilant for potential threats while maintaining high-quality yields. Cyprus’s optimal growing conditions and dedication to quality have earned its citrus fruits a favourable reputation throughout global markets. The United Kingdom, along with the European Union remains as the primary export destination for Cypriot citrus fruits.
A CITRUS LEGACY
The citrus fruit industry on the island remains not only integral, but vastly important to the island’s economy and culture, and it has played a pivotal role in the agricultural history and economic development of the island. Favourable climatic conditions combined with a rich historical context and dedication to quality cultivation practices have established Cyprus as a reputable producer of various citrus fruits, allowing the island to gain a reputable standing for citrus fruit production globally. Technology and improvements in transportation have also facilitated the expansion of the industry and citrus fruit exports from Cyprus to all over the world continues to expand and grow. From the sweet oranges and tangy lemons to the refreshing grapefruits, these fruits are not only essential to local diets but also serve as cultural icons of hospitality and prosperity, and as Cyprus continues to evolve within the global agricultural landscape, its citrus fruits will undoubtedly remain a cherished legacy forever intertwined with the island’s identity.
Interesting facts about the most common citrus fruits grown on the island
Oranges: The reputation earned by Cyprus for its high-quality oranges reflects decades of experience with the crop, and the main varieties grown on the island are Navel, Oval and Valencia Late. These oranges are widespread and are readily found in local markets and shops, contributing to their popularity on the island. The often sweet and juicy oranges, particularly the Valencia variety, are generally consumed fresh or processed for their juice.
Lemons and Limes: The Island is highly regarded for its high-quality lemons and more recently limes. Lemon cultivation is another significant aspect of Cyprus’s citrus fruit industry and Cyprus lemons are a main export, enhancing the island’s agricultural economy. Cyprus lemons and limes have also become essential for local cuisine and most drinks, as well as traditional dishes and local desserts use them extensively. Although their cultivation is less extensive than other citrus fruits, limes are increasingly gaining popularity on the island, primarily for culinary uses and cocktails.
Grapefruits: Another important citrus fruit produced in Cyprus is the grapefruit. The island cultivates pink and white grapefruit varieties, valued for their refreshing taste and nutritional benefits. Grapefruits are mainly consumed as part of a wider breakfast on the island and are extensively used in several drinks and cocktails. Export of the Cyprus grapefruit is not as widespread as other Cypriot citrus fruits, but it is becoming increasingly popular in global markets.
Mandarins: Cyprus mainly grows the Mediterranean variety of mandarins that have proved popular due their easy-to-peel skin and sweet flavour. These fruits are not only enjoyed fresh but are also used in salads, desserts, and juices.
Citrus Varieties: Cyprus is home to unique citrus hybrids, including the ‘Cyprus orange,’ which is renowned for its bright colour and sweetness.
Symbol of Hospitality: In Cypriot culture, citrus fruits are often seen as symbols of hospitality, and it is common to offer guests freshly squeezed citrus juice as part of a welcome.
Festivals: The ‘Limassol Carnival’ as well as other local festivals, often features citrus-themed events, showcasing the significance of these fruits in Cypriot cultnue.
Protected Designation of Origin: Some citrus fruits from Cyprus, particularly the ‘Cyprus Orange,’ have received PDO status, ensuring their authenticity and quality.
Nutritional Benefits: Citrus fruits are rich in vitamins, particularly vitamin C, as well as various antioxidants, making them essential components of a healthy diet.
